Direct-to-consumer self-tests sold in the UK in 2023: cross sectional review of information on intended use, instructions for use, and post-test decision making
Davenport, Clare Richter, Alex Hillier, Bethany Scandrett, Katie Agarwal, Ridhi Baldwin, Simon W Kale, Aditya U Alderman, Joseph Macdonald, Trystan Deeks, Jonathan J
Davenport, Clare
Richter, Alex
Hillier, Bethany
Scandrett, Katie
Agarwal, Ridhi
Baldwin, Simon W
Kale, Aditya U
Alderman, Joseph
Macdonald, Trystan
Deeks, Jonathan J
Abstract
Objectives: To review the information provided for self-test devices sold in high street shops in the UK and to assess their suitability for informed decision making based on use, interpretation, and post-test actions.
Design: Cross sectional review of information on self-test boxes and instructions for use leaflets.
Setting: Supermarkets, pharmacies, and health and wellbeing shops within a 10 mile radius of the University of Birmingham's campus at Edgbaston in 2023.
Main outcome measures: Information on intended use of test, biomarker and clinical condition, interpretation of test results, recommendations for post-test actions, and coherence of intended use and post-test recommendations with evidence based guidance.
Results: 30 self-tests assessing 20 biomarkers for 19 different conditions were included. Information to guide purchase was present on a few boxes: who should use the test and when (8/30, 27%), action after the test result (7/30, 23%), and numerical test performance (10/30, 33%). From the information provided either on the box or within the instructions for use leaflets, 21 (70%) self-tests were judged to be used for diagnosis and 15 (50%) to be used for screening, although 3/21 (14%) did not provide any information about symptoms and 10/15 (67%) did not provide any information about risk factors to guide use. 27 (90%) self-tests recommended follow-up with a healthcare professional if results were positive or abnormal, and 14 (47%) if test results were negative or normal. Use of tests for 11 of 19 (58%) conditions was judged contrary to evidence based guidance in one or more of the intended population, frequency of testing, test threshold, or investigative approach required for a condition.
Conclusions: The current market for self-tests does not support consumer informed decisions about their use, interpretation of test results, and subsequent actions. Clinicians working downstream of self-tests are likely to face important challenges in incorporating the results in practice. As the use of self-tests continues to increase, improved regulatory oversight is urgently needed to protect the public and healthcare systems from misuse.
MIDER Authors
Affiliations
University of Birmingham; University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
Date
2025-07-23
Type
Article
Collections
Citation
Davenport C, Richter A, Hillier B, Scandrett K, Agarwal R, Baldwin SW, Kale AU, Alderman J, Macdonald T, Deeks JJ. Direct-to-consumer self-tests sold in the UK in 2023: cross sectional review of information on intended use, instructions for use, and post-test decision making. BMJ. 2025 Jul 23;390:e085546. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2025-085546.