Cardiac inflammation and fibrosis patterns in systemic sclerosis, evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging: An update.
Mavrogeni S Pepe A Gargani L Bruni C Quaia E Kitas GD Sfikakis PP Matucci-Cerinic M
Mavrogeni S
Pepe A
Gargani L
Bruni C
Quaia E
Kitas GD
Sfikakis PP
Matucci-Cerinic M
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) presents high morbidity/mortality, due to internal organ fibrosis, including the heart. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) can perform myocardial function and tissue characterization in the same examination. The Lake Louise criteria (LLC) can identify recent myocardial inflammation using CMR. Abnormal values include: (a) myocardial over skeletal muscle ratio in STIRT2-W images >2, (b) early gadolinium enhancement values >4, (c) epicardial/intramyocardial late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). The diagnosis of myocarditis using LLC is considered if 2/3 criteria are positive. Parametric imaging including T2, native T1 mapping and extracellular volume fraction (ECV) has been recently used to diagnose inflammatory cardiomyopathy. According to expert recommendations, myocarditis should be considered if at least 2 indices, one T2 and one T1 parameter are positive, whereas native T1 mapping and ECV assess diffuse fibrosis or oedema, even in the absence of LGE. Moreover, transmural/subendocardial fibrosis following the distribution of coronary arteries and diffuse subendocardial fibrosis not related with epicardial coronary arteries are indicative of epicardial and micro-vascular coronary artery disease, respectively. To conclude, CMR can identify acute/active myocardial inflammation and myocardial infarction using classic and parametric indices in parallel with ventricular function evaluation. Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None Copyright 2022. Published by Elsevier Inc.
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Date
01/02/2023
Type
Article
Subject
Cardiology
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Citation
Mavrogeni S, Pepe A, Gargani L, Bruni C, Quaia E, Kitas GD, Sfikakis PP, Matucci-Cerinic M. Cardiac inflammation and fibrosis patterns in systemic sclerosis, evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging: An update. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2023 Feb;58:152126. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2022.152126. Epub 2022 Nov 18. PMID: 36434895.
Journal / Source Title
Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism
DOI
10.1016/j.semarthrit.2022.152126
PMID
36434895
Publisher
Elsevier