The effect of smoking on Sjögren's disease development and severity: a comprehensive literature review.
Abstract
Unlike other autoimmune diseases, little is known about the environmental risk factors for Sjögren's disease (SjD). Smoking is an important risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis but the relationship between smoking and SjD is more complex to understand. Current smoking seems to be negatively linked to SjD, whereas there is mixed data on past smoking. Smoking also seems to impact SjD outcomes, influencing comorbidities like hypertension or associated immune-mediated diseases, and, less clearly, extraglandular involvement, particularly pulmonary disease. Minor salivary gland biopsy findings indicate a lower frequency of positivity associated with smoking, with a potential dose-response relationship. However, smoking's uncertain effect on dryness symptoms complicates interpretation of data with reverse causation remaining a possibility. This review underscores the complexity of the smoking-SjD connection, raising questions about causality and potential protective effects on either SjD's development and/or classification criteria. Understanding these nuances may help unravel SjD pathogenesis and inform future therapeutic strategies.
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Author
Bandeira, Matilde
Fisher, Benjamin A
Fisher, Benjamin A
Citations
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Date
2024-12-19
Type
Article
Other
Other
Subject
Diseases & disorders of systemic, metabolic or environmental origin, Public health. Health statistics. Occupational health. Health education
Collections
Citation
Bandeira M, Fisher BA. The effect of smoking on Sjögren's disease development and severity: a comprehensive literature review. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2024 Dec;42(12):2346-2356. doi: 10.55563/clinexprheumatol/efbdo3. Epub 2024 Dec 19.
Journal / Source Title
Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology
DOI
10.55563/clinexprheumatol/efbdo3
PMID
39699868
Publisher
Clinical And Experimental Rheumatology S.A.S
Publisher’s URL
http://www.clinexprheumatol.org/default.asp