Predictors of Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms after musculoskeletal trauma.
Jadhakhan, Ferozkhan Falla, Deborah Dallaway, Alexander
Jadhakhan, Ferozkhan
Falla, Deborah
Dallaway, Alexander
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) are common following musculoskeletal trauma and are associated with poorer recovery, disability, and reduced quality of life. Although psychosocial and injury-related factors have been linked to PTSS, limited research has examined longitudinal predictors or the relationship between injury severity and PTSS progression in people hospitalised for musculoskeletal trauma.
OBJECTIVES: To identify predictors of PTSS at three and six months following musculoskeletal trauma and hospitalisation, and to examine the relationship between injury severity and PTSS severity over time.
METHODS: This secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study included 125 adults admitted to a UK major trauma centre with acute musculoskeletal injuries. PTSS were assessed using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) at baseline, three, and six months, with scores ≥22 indicating elevated PTSS. Candidate predictors included socio-demographic, clinical, and trauma-related variables. Multivariate logistic regression identified predictors at three and six months. Multicollinearity was assessed using variance inflation factors and principal component analysis. Injury severity (mild, moderate, major) was examined using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Model discrimination and calibration were evaluated using AUC and Hosmer-Lemeshow tests.
RESULTS: At baseline, 97.6% of participants met the PTSS threshold, decreasing to 26.4% at three months and 17.6% at six months. This high baseline prevalence likely reflects the early post-injury assessment period and the use of a sensitive screening threshold. At three months, road traffic accidents (OR 3.71, 95% CI 2.60-6.85) and car accidents (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.68-3.15) significantly increased PTSS risk compared to falls. Higher baseline anxiety (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.33-0.86) and kinesiophobia (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.39-0.86) were associated with reduced PTSS odds. At six months, higher chronic pain-related disability independently predicted lower PTSS risk (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.82-0.97). Injury severity differed significantly at six months (p = 0.022) but not at three months (p = 0.172). The six-month model demonstrated excellent discrimination (AUC = 0.91) and good calibration (p = 0.70).
CONCLUSIONS: PTSS following musculoskeletal trauma are influenced by trauma mechanism, psychological factors, and injury severity over time, supporting early risk stratification and targeted psychological intervention.
MIDER Authors
Affiliations
School of Life and Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, City South Campus, Birmingham, United Kingdom; School of Health and Wellbeing, Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom; Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom.
Date
2026-05-06
Type
Article
Collections
Citation
PLoS One. 2026 May 6;21(5):e0348595